{"id":117,"date":"2020-05-30T15:08:26","date_gmt":"2020-05-30T13:08:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ceskylvov.cz\/?page_id=117"},"modified":"2021-02-02T14:39:51","modified_gmt":"2021-02-02T13:39:51","slug":"lvov","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ceskylvov.cz\/?page_id=117","title":{"rendered":"Hali\u010dsk\u00fd Lvov"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Lviv, Lemberg, Leopolis, Lw\u00f3w<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
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Znak Lvova<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Lvov je pr\u00e1vem pova\u017eov\u00e1n za architektonickou a kulturn\u00ed perlu dne\u0161n\u00ed Ukrajiny. D\u00edky pestr\u00e9mu slo\u017een\u00ed sv\u00fdch obyvatel b\u011bhem stalet\u00ed je naz\u00fdv\u00e1n t\u00e9\u017e m\u011bstem kostel\u016f, pro svou pestrou nab\u00eddku c\u00edrkevn\u00edch pam\u00e1tek. Z pohnut\u00e9 historie tohoto m\u011bsta, jeho\u017e zalo\u017een\u00ed je datov\u00e1no rokem 1256 a pojmenov\u00e1no po Lvu, synovi kr\u00e1le Danyla Haly\u010dsk\u00e9ho<\/a> je pro n\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 skute\u010dnost, \u017ee od poloviny 19. stolet\u00ed byl hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti historick\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed Hali\u010de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Krom\u011b \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed n\u011bm\u010diny zde byla nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm jazykem pol\u0161tina, nebo\u0165 v\u011bt\u0161ina obyvatel Lvova se hl\u00e1sila k\u00a0polsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodnosti, v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bch se \u017eidovsk\u00fdm vyzn\u00e1n\u00edm, a to v\u00a0d\u016fsledku v\u00edce ne\u017e 400 let\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti tohoto \u00fazem\u00ed k\u00a0Polsk\u00e9mu kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed. Ilustrac\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch vztah\u016f v tehdej\u0161\u00edm Lvov\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh vlastn\u00edk\u016f tov\u00e1rny na v\u00fdrobu kachlov\u00fdch kamen\u00a0Kub\u00edn, Brich a Korzeniowski<\/a>. Pravidelnou kratochv\u00edli t\u011bchto z\u00e1stupc\u016f t\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1rodnost\u00ed, zachytil kronik\u00e1\u0159 \u010cesk\u00e9 besedy<\/a><\/strong> takto:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oby\u010dejn\u011b v ned\u011bli nebo na z\u00e1bav\u00e1ch besedn\u00edch, p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bl pan (Franti\u0161ek) Kub\u00edn sv\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u00edky a hr\u00e1li v taroky, sami t\u0159i, podle star\u00e9ho po\u0159ekadla „tres faciunt collegium“, a netrp\u011bli ani jin\u00e9ho hr\u00e1\u010de, ani \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho. Dorozum\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edm jazykem jim byl v\u0161eslovansk\u00fd jazyk – n\u011bm\u010dina.<\/em><\/p>Feigl L. Sto let \u010desk\u00e9ho \u017eivota ve Lvov\u011b. s. 273.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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Panorama Lvova v r. 1618<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

M\u011bstu dod\u00e1vali dynamiku \u010detn\u00ed obchodn\u00edci z Arm\u00e9nie, vzd\u011blan\u00ed N\u011bmci a tak\u00e9 obyvatel\u00e9 \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed hledali uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v nejv\u00fdchodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed provincii monarchie, a to v cel\u00e9m spektru \u010dinnost\u00ed od zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, obchodu, \u0159emesel, a\u017e po pr\u00e1ci na \u00fa\u0159adech \u010di slu\u017ebu v c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nemal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st z\u00a0nich sehr\u00e1la v\u00fdznamnou roli i p\u0159i vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch humanitn\u00edch i um\u011bleck\u00fdch oborech. Od r. 1842 zde fungoval Teatr Skarbkowski<\/a> s\u00a0polsko-n\u011bmeck\u00fdm proveden\u00edm her a s\u00a0jedinou opern\u00ed sc\u00e9nou v\u00a0Hali\u010di. Od r. 1872 uv\u00e1d\u00ed sv\u016fj program ji\u017e jen v\u00a0polsk\u00e9m jazyku. V\u00a0roce 1900 otev\u0159ela svou n\u00e1ru\u010d milovn\u00edk\u016fm Th\u00e1lie zbrusu nov\u00e1 neorenesan\u010dn\u00ed budova Lvovsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed opery<\/a>. Tohoto slavnostn\u00edho okam\u017eiku se z\u00fa\u010dastnil i tehdej\u0161\u00ed starosta Prahy Vladim\u00edr Srb<\/a>, spole\u010dn\u011b s \u0159editelem N\u00e1rodn\u00edho divadla Franti\u0161kem A. \u0160ubertem<\/a>. N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci dodnes obdivuj\u00ed v\u00fdtvory slavn\u00fdch mal\u00ed\u0159\u016f, socha\u0159\u016f a pr\u00e1ci des\u00edtek \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se pod\u00edleli na stavb\u011b t\u00e9to chlouby m\u011bsta. Mezi n\u011b pat\u0159ila tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e1 stola\u0159sk\u00e1 firma bratr\u016f V\u010del\u00e1k\u016f<\/a><\/strong>, \u010dlen\u016f m\u00edstn\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 besedy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 19. stol. bylo m\u011bsto s\u00eddlem Franti\u0161k\u00e1nsk\u00e9 univerzity (zal. r. 1661, dnes Lvovsk\u00e1 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed univerzita Ivana Franka<\/a>), Akademie veterin\u00e1rn\u00edho l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed<\/a> (od r. 1881), dne\u0161n\u00ed N\u00e1rodn\u00ed univerzity Lvovsk\u00e1 polytechnika<\/a> (zal. r. 1844 jako Technick\u00e1 akademie), od r. 1870 konzervato\u0159e (nyn\u00ed Lvovsk\u00e1 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hudebn\u00ed akademie I. Lysenka<\/a>) a n\u011bkolika st\u0159edn\u00edch v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch i odborn\u00fdch a z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u0161kol. V\u00fduka prob\u00edhala dle zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a z\u0159izovatele v latin\u011b, n\u011bm\u010din\u011b, pol\u0161tin\u011b i v ukrajin\u0161tin\u011b. Samotn\u00ed Ukrajinci (Rus\u00edni – Malorusov\u00e9) v\u0161ak tehdy ob\u00fdvali m\u00e9n\u011b rozvinut\u00fd zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd venkov a jejich vliv na fungov\u00e1n\u00ed a tv\u00e1\u0159 m\u011bsta byl, a\u017e na v\u00fdjimky, minim\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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J\u00edzdn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d \u2013 N\u00e1rodn\u00ed listy 1893<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Rozvoj t\u00e9to v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti monarchie p\u0159inesla p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdstavba strategick\u00e9 \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed dr\u00e1hy (Severn\u00ed dr\u00e1ha c\u00edsa\u0159e Ferdinanda<\/a> – KFNB), kter\u00e1 ji\u017e v 50. letech 19. stol. spojovala V\u00edde\u0148, Brno a Prahu s Krakovem, P\u0159emy\u0161lem a pozd\u011bji (od Krakova ji\u017e jako c.k. Hali\u010dsk\u00e1 dr\u00e1ha Karla Ludv\u00edka), t\u00e9\u017e se Lvovem (1861). Jak zmi\u0148uje nejmenovan\u00fd cestovatel (Sv\u011btozor r. 10 z r. 1876), cesta z Prahy do Krakova nebyla del\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 18 hodin a odtud do Lvova asi dal\u0161\u00edch 12 hodin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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M\u011bsto samotn\u00e9 v\u0161ak bylo v t\u00e9 dob\u011b teprve na po\u010d\u00e1tku sv\u00e9ho modern\u00edho rozvoje. Jedn\u00edm z jeho velk\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f t\u00e9 doby byla ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 hygiena a s n\u00ed spojen\u00e1 vysok\u00e1 nemocnost m\u00edstn\u00edch obyvatel. Jednu z p\u0159\u00ed\u010din zdravotn\u00edch pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, \u0159eku Poltvu<\/a>, kter\u00e1 do pol. 19. stol. prot\u00e9kala m\u011bstem, se proto m\u00edstn\u00ed vl\u00e1da rozhodla um\u00edstit do podzem\u00ed pomoc\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 kanaliza\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e1 v roce 1870 dosahovala d\u00e9lky 15 km (85 km \u2013 1910). I kdy\u017e t\u00edm m\u011bsto ztratilo svou p\u0159irozenou sou\u010d\u00e1st, umo\u017enilo vysu\u0161en\u00ed podlo\u017e\u00ed m\u011bsta tak\u00e9 rozvoj dopravy a stavebnictv\u00ed. Luxus plynov\u00e9ho ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho osv\u011btlen\u00ed si st\u0159ed m\u011bsta u\u017e\u00edval ji\u017e od kv\u011btna 1858 (v r. 1903 cca 2 000 lamp). I p\u0159es pozd\u011bji zna\u010dn\u00fd deficit v m\u011bstsk\u00e9 kase, zah\u00e1jila v roce 1900 svou \u010dinnost m\u011bstsk\u00e1 elektr\u00e1rna a za rok na to ji\u017e fungoval centr\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fd vodovod, kter\u00fd p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bl vodu do m\u011bsta z 29 km vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 Woly Dobrostan\u015bke. Tramvaje ta\u017een\u00e9 ko\u0148mi (omnibus), kter\u00e9 k\u0159i\u017eovaly Lvov ji\u017e v roce 1880, byly od r. 1894 nahrazov\u00e1ny elektrifikovanou m\u011bstskou dr\u00e1hou. Pr\u00e1v\u011b rok 1894, kdy v obdob\u00ed od \u010dervna do \u0159\u00edjna prob\u00edhala ve Lvov\u011b V\u0161eobecn\u00e1 zemsk\u00e1 (Hali\u010dsk\u00e1) v\u00fdstava<\/a><\/strong>, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1n za start prudk\u00fdch zm\u011bn v oblasti modernizace m\u011bsta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Dne\u0161n\u00ed n\u00e1m A. Miczkiewicza<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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\u017did\u00e9 ve lvovsk\u00e9 ulici v r. 1918<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Polsk\u00e1 dominance ve m\u011bst\u011b se 128 tis. obyvateli v roce 1893\/75 tis. Krakov, Brno 94 500,<\/em> resp. se 160 tis. obyvateli (r. 1900), byla nep\u0159ehl\u00e9dnuteln\u00e1 a jeho veden\u00ed pln\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvalo podpory V\u00eddn\u011b v oblastech vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, kultury i hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. V dob\u011b, kdy z\u00e1pad \u00fazem\u00ed Polsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed odol\u00e1val germanizaci ze strany Pruska a v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st \u00fap\u011bla pod rusk\u00fdm vlivem, stal se hali\u010dsk\u00fd Lvov pro Pol\u00e1ky nejsvobodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1rodn\u00edm a duchovn\u00edm prostorem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u010clenov\u00e9 Sok\u00f3la v ulic\u00edch m\u011bsta<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

D\u00edky siln\u00e9mu patriotismu v\u0161ak nebyl vztah mezi p\u0159ist\u011bhoval\u00fdmi \u010cechy a m\u00edstn\u00edmi polsk\u00fdmi obyvateli v\u017edy ide\u00e1ln\u00ed, nebo\u0165 tito, nem\u011bli p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pochopen\u00ed pro panslovansk\u00e9, tedy rusofiln\u00ed nad\u0161en\u00ed ,,Pepik\u016f,, a sou\u010dasn\u011b pro vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed toleranci \u010cech\u016f k n\u011bmeck\u00e9mu jazyku a jejich nositel\u016fm.<\/em> P\u0159esto se \u010cech\u016fm<\/a> <\/strong>poda\u0159ilo ve Lvov\u011b usp\u011bt a jejich jm\u00e9na z\u016fstanou nav\u011bky zaps\u00e1na v pestr\u00e9 historii m\u011bsta a cel\u00e9 z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti dne\u0161n\u00ed Ukrajiny. D\u016fkazem je i neopakovateln\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh Karla Boubl\u00edka<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Zdroje: <\/em>https:\/\/jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl\/dlibra<\/em><\/a>, <\/em>https:\/\/kramerius5.nkp.cz\/<\/em><\/a>, Wikipedie, https:\/\/www.szukajwarchiwach.gov.pl<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a9 2020 Petr Zenker<\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lviv, Lemberg, Leopolis, Lw\u00f3w<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":95,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-117","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceskylvov.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/117"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceskylvov.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceskylvov.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceskylvov.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceskylvov.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=117"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/ceskylvov.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/117\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":701,"href":"https:\/\/ceskylvov.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/117\/revisions\/701"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceskylvov.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/95"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceskylvov.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=117"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}